High Protein Intake Among Preschoolers in Childcare in a Region at Elevated Risk for Obesity.

OBJECTIVES: To compare diet quality of convenience samples of children 2-3 and 4-5 years attending 11 of 75 childcare centers in Hays County, Texas to a nationally representative sample, as part of a needs assessment to inform a childcare center-based intervention. METHODS: Parents completed 24-h recalls of their child's diet in 2014. Usual dietary intake of the regional and age-matched sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014) was estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index. Quantile regression and t-tests compared nutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index scores between the two samples. RESULTS: Children ages 2-3 and 4-5 years in the regional sample (n = 124) consumed a higher percent of calories from protein (19%) than children in the national sample (n = 1613; 14%, P < .0.0001). In the regional sample, 21% of children 2-3 years consumed protein in excess of the AMDR compared to fewer than 1% of children in the national sample. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Assessing regional diet while planning health outreach is important. Among children in childcare in this community, high protein intake may contribute to weight disparity. Workshops with childcare center staff to address center policies, environments, and parent outreach could address replacing some high-protein foods with other nutrient-rich foods.

Dietary protein intake and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

AIMS: Dietary proteins, including those obtained from animal and plant sources, have inconsistently been correlated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between dietary proteins and the risk of T2DM. METHODS: Prospective cohort studies published until November 2018 were systematically searched in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library. The pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the random-effects model. RESULTS: Ten articles involving a total of 21 cohorts were included in the final meta-analysis. A total of 487,956 individuals were recruited in these studies and 38,350 T2DM cases were reported. Analysis of the pooled RRs indicated that high total protein intake was associated with an increased risk of T2DM (RR 1.10; P = 0.006), whereas moderate total protein intake was not significantly associated with T2DM risk (RR 1.00; P = 0.917). Moreover, a higher risk of T2DM was observed with high animal protein intake (RR 1.13; P = 0.013), whereas moderate animal protein intake had little or no effect on T2DM risk (RR 1.06; P = 0.058). Finally, high intake of plant protein did not affect T2DM risk (RR 0.93; P = 0.074), whereas moderate intake was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM (RR 0.94; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that high total protein and animal protein intakes are associated with an increased risk of T2DM, whereas moderate plant protein intake is associated with a decreased risk of T2DM.

Protein intake in hospitalized older people with and without increased risk of malnutrition.

A protein intake of ≥1.2 grams per kg body weight (g/kg) is recommended for ill older adults. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated if this recommendation was met by 62 hospitalized adults of 65 years and older in a Dutch hospital. We compared protein intake between two subgroups based on the risk of malnutrition and the prescribed diet: a low risk group (n = 31) receiving a standard hospital diet and a medium/high risk group (n = 31) receiving a protein-enriched diet. A 24h-recall was performed to calculate protein intake per patient. Protein intake was on average 1.2 g/kg in the medium/high risk group and 0.9 g/kg in the low-risk group. Seventeen patients reached a protein intake of ≥1.2 g/kg. Fifteen patients had a protein intake below 0.8 g/kg. It seems sensible to consider providing a protein-enriched diet to all older hospitalized adults, regardless of their risk of malnutrition.

The Oxygen Paradox, the French Paradox, and age-related diseases.

A paradox is a seemingly absurd or impossible concept, proposition, or theory that is often difficult to understand or explain, sometimes apparently self-contradictory, and yet ultimately correct or true. How is it possible, for example, that oxygen "a toxic environmental poison" could be also indispensable for life (Beckman and Ames Physiol Rev 78(2):547-81, 1998; Stadtman and Berlett Chem Res Toxicol 10(5):485-94, 1997)?: the so-called Oxygen Paradox (Davies and Ursini 1995; Davies Biochem Soc Symp 61:1-31, 1995). How can French people apparently disregard the rule that high dietary intakes of cholesterol and saturated fats (e.g., cheese and paté) will result in an early death from cardiovascular diseases (Renaud and de Lorgeril Lancet 339(8808):1523-6, 1992; Catalgol et al. Front Pharmacol 3:141, 2012; Eisenberg et al. Nat Med 22(12):1428-1438, 2016)?: the so-called, French Paradox. Doubtless, the truth is not a duality and epistemological bias probably generates apparently self-contradictory conclusions. Perhaps nowhere in biology are there so many apparently contradictory views, and even experimental results, affecting human physiology and pathology as in the fields of free radicals and oxidative stress, antioxidants, foods and drinks, and dietary recommendations; this is particularly true when issues such as disease-susceptibility or avoidance, "healthspan," "lifespan," and ageing are involved. Consider, for example, the apparently paradoxical observation that treatment with low doses of a substance that is toxic at high concentrations may actually induce transient adaptations that protect against a subsequent exposure to the same (or similar) toxin. This particular paradox is now mechanistically explained as "Adaptive Homeostasis" (Davies Mol Asp Med 49:1-7, 2016; Pomatto et al. 2017a; Lomeli et al. Clin Sci (Lond) 131(21):2573-2599, 2017; Pomatto and Davies 2017); the non-damaging process by which an apparent toxicant can activate biological signal transduction pathways to increase expression of protective genes, by mechanisms that are completely different from those by which the same agent induces toxicity at high concentrations. In this review, we explore the influences and effects of paradoxes such as the Oxygen Paradox and the French Paradox on the etiology, progression, and outcomes of many of the major human age-related diseases, as well as the basic biological phenomenon of ageing itself.

High Dietary Protein Intake and Protein-Related Acid Load on Bone Health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to review recent clinical research assessing dietary protein on calcium metabolism and bone health. RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiological studies show that long-term, high-protein intake is positively associated with bone mineral density and reduced risk of bone fracture incidence. Short-term interventional studies demonstrate that a high-protein diet does not negatively affect calcium homeostasis. Existing evidence supports that the negative effects of the acid load of protein on urinary calcium excretion are offset by the beneficial skeletal effects of high-protein intake. Future research should focus on the role and the degree of contribution of other dietary and physiological factors, such as intake of fruits and vegetables, in reducing the acid load and further enhancing the anabolic effects of protein on the musculoskeletal system.

Association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: a propensity score-matched case-control study.

Previous studies indicated that dietary patterns were associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), but little is known in Chinese. We design this case-control study to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and MS in Chinese adults. In this study, 1492 participants with MS were matched with 1492 controls using the 1:1 ratio propensity score matching methods. Dietary intake was assessed using a valid self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and MS was defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Heart Association scientific statement of 2009. Higher scores for the high-protein/cholesterol pattern were associated with higher prevalence of MS. Compared with the participants in the lowest quartile, the odds ratio (OR) for the extreme quartile was 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.68) and the P for trend <0.01 after adjusted for the other two dietary pattern scores. We also found a moderate consumption of the balanced pattern was associated with the lowest prevalence of MS. The ORs across quartiles of the balanced pattern were 1 (reference), 0.83 (95% CI, 0.68-1.02), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.56-0.85), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.68-1.04) after adjustment. Our study demonstrates that there is a strong association between a diet rich in animal offal, animal blood, meat, and sausage and a higher prevalence of MS.

Influência do teor e qualidade da proteína dietética sobre o crescimento corporal e desenvolvimento de órgãos, em três gerações sucessivas de ratos / Influence of content and quality of diet protein in body growing and organ development in three successive rat generations

Cummulative effects of Brazilian Northweast Regional Basic Diet (RBD) on body growth and organ development were evaluated in three successive generations in 159 Sprague Dawley rats. The RDB group (7.83% protein ,predominantly vegetable protein and a Control group (caseine 7.80%).Virgin, 120 day-old, were mated and their first offspring formed the first generation (F1). The subsequent generations (F2 and F3) were obtained from animals from previous generations. As standard, a group receiving22% casein was used. Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson tests were used for statistics (with the level of significance at p<0.05). Comparing the proteic quality of RDB versus Control diet it was observed: a robust reduction of body weight gain, of the tail length, and food intake, as well as the relative weight of the organs in one or more generations. The quality and quantity of proteins inRBD compared to Control diet discloses a major impairement of these parameters. The results showed a perpetuation and worsening of the adverse effects induced by qualitative/quantitative protein deficient diets, throughout successive generations and the possibility of development of organic adaptation mechanisms, in an attempt to insure body growth and development of some organs

Los efectos acumulados de lo consumo de la Dieta Básica Regional (DBR) del Nordeste de Brasil fueron evaluados, em tres generaciones sucessivas en 159 ratones Sprague-Dawley, sobre el crecimento corporal y el desarrollo de órganos. Fue constituído un grupo DBR(un 7,83% de proteínas predominantemente de origem vegetal)y un grupo Control (caseína a un 7,80%). Ratas primíparas de 120 dias de edad, fueron fertilizadas y, com sus proles constituyron la primera generación (Fl). Las generaciones subsiguientes (F2 y F3) fueron obtenidas de ejemplares de las respectivas generaciones anteriores. Como padrón fue utilizado un grupo recibiendo Caseína a un 22%. Los métodos de Krushal-Wallis y de Pearson fueron usados en el tratamento estadístico de los datos (nível designificación de p < 0,05). Comparando se lacalidad de la proteína de la DBR com la de la dieta control se constató; la reducción acentuada de la curva ponderal, de lo ganancia de peso, delo anchura del rabo, de lo consumo alimentar, asi como may or peso relativo de algunos órganos,en una o más generaciones. Al confrontar lacalidad y la cantidade de proteínas de la DBR en relación com la dieta padron (Caseína a un 22%),revela agravamento acentuado de esos. Los resultados muestran perpetuacción y agravamento de los efectos nocivos inducidos porel consumo de dietas cualitativas y ocuantitativamente deficientes en proteínas através de generaciones sucessivas y la posibilidadde desarrollar mecanismos orgánicos de adaptación en el intente de asegurar el crecimento corporal y el desarrollo de algunos órganos

Os efeitos cumulativos do consumo da Dieta Básica Regional (DBR) do Nordeste do Brasil foram avaliados em três gerações sucessivas em 159 ratos Sprague Dawley sobre o crescimento corporal e o desenvolvimento de órgãos. Foi constituído um grupo DBR (7,83% de proteínas, predominantemente de origem vegetal) e um grupo Controle (caseína a 7,80%). Ratas primíparas, de 120 dias de idade, foram fertilizadas e, com suas proles, constituíram a 1ª geração (F1). As gerações subseqüentes (F2 e F3) foram obtidas de exemplares das respectivas gerações anteriores. Como Padrão,foi utilizado um grupo recebendo caseína a 22%. Os métodos de Kruskal-Wallis e de Pearson foram usados no tratamento estatístico dos dados (nível de significância de p < 0,05).Comparando-se a qualidade da proteína da DBR com a da dieta Controle constatou-se: redução acentuada da curva ponderal, de ganho de peso, do comprimento da cauda e do consumo alimentar, assim como maior peso relativo de alguns órgãos, em uma ou mais gerações. O confronto da qualidade e quantidade de proteínas da DBR em relação à dieta Padrão, revela agravamento acentuado desses parâmetros. Os resultados mostram perpetuação e agravamento dos efeitos nocivos induzidos pelo consumo de dietas qualitativa e/ou quantitativamente deficientes em proteínas, através de gerações sucessivas, e a possibilidade de se desenvolverem mecanismos orgânicos de adaptação, na tentativa de assegurar o crescimento corporal e o desenvolvimento de alguns órgãos